Prometheus, Postmodernism, and the Fact/Value Dichotomy

“What is truth?” ~ Pontius Pilate

As I mentioned in a previous blog, this past summer, I saw the movie “Prometheus[i]”, a prequel of sorts, of the movie “Alien[ii]”.  As I discussed in the first blog which you can read here, there were several worldviews on display throughout the movie.  The most prominent was Postmodernism.

Though Postmodernism comes in many forms, there are three unifying  values: (1) a commitment to relativism; (2) an opposition to rationalism; and (3) the promotion of culturally created realities, all of which are designed to deny any true worldview or belief system for which we would be willing to kill or die.[iii]  In other words, what is true for you may not be true for me, and vice versa.

Consider the following statement by the main character, Elizabeth Shaw, (Noomi Repace) when she contacts Peter Weyland (Guy Pearce), the character responsible for funding the Prometheus mission:

“Hello, Mr. Weyland. My name is Dr. Elizabeth Shaw. If that name sounds familiar to you, it’s because I’ve called every day for the last month. I think your people were hoping I’d give up. I am not good at giving up. What I am good at is my job. I am an Archaeologist. I have doctorate degrees in Paleontology, Anthropology, Human Ethology and Memetics — all of which I received from Oxford. I graduated first in my class at the age seventeen. This is not who I am – It is simply what I know. I make the distinction, sir, because there is a difference in what a scientist knows and what they believe…That difference is proof. My partner and I have found something, Mr. Weyland. Something very important.”

Now consider this exchange between a father and his daughter as they observe a funeral in the distance.  The father is wearing a priest’s collar and the sun glistens off the cross dangling around his neck as he prepares stew over a small fire:

GIRL – What happened to that man?

FATHER – He died.

GIRL – What are they doing?

FATHER – Saying goodbye.

GIRL – Why aren’t you helping them?

FATHER – They don’t want my help. Their God is different than ours.

GIRL – That doesn’t make any sense.

FATHER – I know, sweetheart.

GIRL – Why did he die?

FATHER – Because sooner or later, everyone does.

GIRL – Where is he now?

FATHER – Everyone has their own word. Heaven. Paradise. Whatever it’s called… It’s someplace beautiful.

GIRL – How do you know it’s beautiful?

FATHER – Because that’s what I choose to believe.

And again, consider the following exchange between Shaw and the crew when she makes reference to an advanced form of humans that she believes created humans on earth:

SHAW – We call them “Engineers.”

FIFIELD – Uh huh. And what’d they engineer?

SHAW – Look at them. Two eyes. Two arms. Two legs. What did they engineer? They engineered us.

MILLBURN – You… know that? For a fact?

SHAW – No. But it’s what I choose to believe.

HOLLOWAY – What we “believe” doesn’t matter. What we can prove does. And we have the opportunity to be the very first of our kind to literally meet our makers.

What’s really fascinating about the film is that the main character (Shaw) claims to be a Christian!  Religion is not absent from the movie. 

Postmodernism is ubiquitous throughout this movie.  I heard the phrase, “it’s what I choose to believe,” several times from different characters.  Each of us can choose to believe whatever we want; the only sin is criticizing another’s belief.

While postmodern ideas are easily seen and promoted throughout the movie, what is not as easily observed is the fact/value dichotomy.  As you can discern from the dialogue above, you may choose what you want to believe as long as that belief relates to values, e.g. morality, theology, etc.  Facts, on the other hand are scientific, empirically testable, and universally valid.  In Saving Leonardo, Nancy Pearcy uses the upper story/lower story house to describe the fact/value dichotomy; one house, two stories.  The upper story is private, subjective, and relative.  The lower story is public, objective, and universal.[iv]  The upper story represents my values (private); while the lower story contains universally accepted facts (public). What we believe (upper story) does not matter.  Therefore, it becomes impossible to make a case for our values or beliefs in the public square.

Notice the statement above from Holloway, “What we believe doesn’t matter. What we can prove does.”  With the fact/value dichotomy in place, anything that those in power want labeled as truth is simply tagged as science.  The type of molecules to man evolution displayed in this movie is a perfect example.  Evolution is portrayed as fact (scientific), while Christianity is simply a personal belief.

Watch out for Postmodernism.  It’s probably best defined in Judges 21:25 “In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes.[v]

Watch for the fact/value dichotomy or separation.  Value cannot be separated from fact.

Lastly, watch out for those who would tag their ideas or beliefs as science.  If scientific claims are made, make sure their ideas fall within the scientific method.  You can read more about operational versus historical science here.

If you go out to the movies this weekend, evaluate the worldviews that are on display.  Afterward, discuss them with family and friends.



[i]Prometheus, July 28, 2012 <http://www.prometheus-movie.co.uk/#>

[ii]Alien, July 28, 2012 < http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078748/>

[iii](Noebel, 2006)

[iv](Pearcey, 2010)

[v](New King James Version Bible, 1982)

 

New King James Version Bible. (1982). Thomas nelson, Inc.

Noebel, D. A. (2006). Understanding The Times, The Collision of Today’s Competing Worldviews (2nd ed.). Manitou Springs, CO: Summit Press.

Pearcey, N. (2010). Saving Leonardo. Nashville: B&H Publishing Group.

Conversation with an atheist

I have reprinted the first comment from a recent blog post titled, My Opponent Hijacked Science! along with my response.  I want to say how much I appreciate the courtesy shown, and thoughtful questions asked, by the anonymous person who posted this comment.  His comment is separated point by point and bulleted in bold print.

  • But seriously, why do Christians accept science in pretty much all of its findings, until it disagrees with the Bible?

Christians do accept scientist’s conclusions when those conclusions are developed using the scientific method, that is, when they are hypotheses that can be observed, tested, and repeated.  All rational Christians believe in science.

The disagreements come when scientists begin to draw conclusion about subjects outside the scientific method.  For example, studies of the origin of the universe are outside the scientific method.  The theories that have been developed by many scientists cannot be observed, tested, or repeated.  Therefore, many assumptions have to be made in order to arrive at various conclusions.  These conclusions are ultimately man’s opinions.  See my blog post Do you believe in science?

  • All of a sudden there’s a conspiracy, or scientists are just pursuing their atheist agenda, or they’re bring deceived by the devil.

When looking at the present to draw conclusions about the past, the geological record, for example; all scientists approach the same evidence, each, with his own biases (the point of my blog post).  An atheist comes to the evidence with the presumption that God does not exist.  A Christian approaches the same evidence with the presumption that God does exist (based on observable evidence).  Their presumptions will result in different assumptions, and therefore, lead them to different conclusions.  A Christian recognizes that the complex geological record was laid down by a world-wide flood described in Genesis 7. Thousands of feet of sediments clearly deposited by water and later hardened into rock and containing billions of fossils.[i]   An atheist, on the other hand, needs millions and millions of years to allow time for the geological record to be laid down one layer at a time.

Sometimes scientists are pursuing an agenda and will manipulate or ignore evidence in order to arrive at their desired conclusion.  The scientists recently involved in Climategate, for example, manipulated data to support their claims of a sudden and dangerous increase in the earth’s temperature.[ii]  

  • Many Christians can accept the fact of evolution, save for the most fundamentalist variety.

Another point of the blog post was defining terms. Everyone believes in evolution, micro-evolution, that is.  We have always been able to observe change within kinds or even within species. Everyone recognizes the wide variety of dogs, for example.  But macro-evolution has never been observed.  Even evolutionary professor Dr. Richard Dawkins, admits that evolution has never been observed while it’s happening.[iii] It’s interesting that the theory of evolution is constantly changing.  The idea of molecules to man evolution was made popular by Darwin’s theory of small changes over long periods of time until the theory ran into problems like irreducible complexity. So we moved to neo-Darwinism and mutations until scientist determined that most mutations are bad and that it would take millions of good mutations to produce just one functioning organ.  So, Dr. Stephen Jay Gould introduced Punctuated Equilibrium.  This idea postulates that the significant evolutionary changes in a species occur all at once.  The problem with these ideas or theories is that they would have occurred in the past, are not observable, and are outside the scientific method.  If they occurred in the past and cannot be repeated, you need an eye witness and a reliable record of the events.  (More on this in a moment)  Christians who accept these ideas as fact have substituted man’s ideas in place of God’s Word, the Bible.  By the way, even a scientist who is an atheist, if he is intellectually honest, will admit that molecules to man evolution is theory, not fact, even if he believes it to be true.

  • The ones that promote creationism typically do not understand biology or evolution but have an opinion about it nonetheless. Maybe some education is required?

What we do know about biology is what we observe.  That is, there is no known method or observation whereby the genome gains new information.  This is what would be required for evolution (molecules to man) to occur.  What we observe is the genome loses information, it doesn’t gain it.

Observational science, Spontaneous Generation (Louis Pasteur), and the First and Second law of Thermodynamics prove evolution of the molecules to man variety is impossible.

In order to understand and participate in this conversation, it is imperative that we distinguish between observational and historical science; fact and theory.  When looking at evidence in the present to draw conclusions about the past, we can only deal in hypotheses or theories.  Unless we have an eye witness and reliable record to tell us what actually happened in the past.  And, as Christians, of course we do.  God the creator is our eye witness and our reliable record is His Word, the Bible.

In the beginning, God created…


[i] Ken Ham, The New Answers Book 1, Master Books 2009, Kindle Edition, pp. 349-354

[iii] Ken Ham, et al, 2009

My Opponent Hijacked Science!

Do you ever find it difficult to have a conversation with an atheist?  Do you sometimes feel backed into a corner and unable to successfully argue your position?  Don’t feel alone.  This happens frequently in discussions and many times we’re trapped because we allow our opponent to “hijack” terms and definitions.

For example, in a recent discussion, an atheist friend of mine attempted to “hijack” science.  As I explained how the evidence we see in creation confirms the Bible, he responded, “creationist say that, but scientists know through evolutionary biology that this is not true.”  In another part of the discussion he claimed “the Bible says this, but Science says…?  “Why are creationists against science?”

What just happened?  In two short sentences, the opponent has pitted creationists (Christians) against scientists, and the Bible against science!  Conversations like this usually go on to define scientists as intelligent and Christians as irrational.  And finally, science is defined as the source of truth and the Bible as interesting stories with some good moral guidelines.  How frustrating is this?

There are a number of logical fallacies that may occur in this type of discussion.  For example, the fallacy of equivocation, when someone shifts from one meaning of a word to another within an argument; science can have several definitions.  Or, a complex question, where the arguer asks a loaded question.  In Discerning Truth, Dr. Jason Lisle gives the classic example of a loaded question: “Have you stopped beating your wife?”  Either a yes or a no answer would seem to imply that the person did in the past beat his wife, which may not be the case.  The question is “complex” because it should be divided into two questions: 1. Did you ever beat your wife? 2. If so, have you now stopped doing this?[i] Likewise, “why are creationists against science?” is a complex question.  The real question is, “are creationists against science?” and the answer, of course, is no.

When you find yourself in these conversations, make sure to ask questions and define terms.  Scientists with a Christian worldview look at the same evidence as scientists with a naturalistic worldview.  Our worldview and presuppositions lead us to different conclusions.


[i] Lisle, Jason (2010-07-01). Discerning Truth (Kindle Locations 307-311). Master Books. Kindle Edition

Are We Thinking Christianly?

     The Gallup polls of a Princeton study regarding religious identity in 2009 identified that 78% of Americans claim the Christian faith. “Polls consistently show that a large percentage of Americans claim to believe in God or to be born again, yet the effect of
Christian principles is decreasing in public life.”[1] Of course it is clear that Christians as a whole are not impacting society when one simply looks at the top 10 downloads of itunes.

     One in particular is called “Pumped Up Kicks”. It is a song where the chorus has been played in the background of some of the most popular teenage shows. Many kids identify the melody and chorus, yet do they really know what it is expressing? Take a look at the introduction of the song.

Robert’s got a quick hand. He’ll look around the room, he won’t tell you his plan. He’s got a rolled cigarette, hanging out his mouth he’s a cowboy kid. Yeah, he found a six
shooter gun. In his dad’s closet hidden with a box of fun things, and I don’t
even know what. But he’s coming for you, yeah he’s coming for you.
All the other kids with the pumped up kicks you’d better run, better run, outrun my gun. All the other kids with the pumped up kicks you’d better run, better run, faster than my bullet. ”[2]

     So, why is it that 78% of the people identify with Christianity, yet this is in the top 10 of the most downloaded songs on itunes. It implies even Christians are living against the moral system of the 10 Commandments that have been the standard of the moral foundation for Christianity? How could this be happening? There could be two answers. One could claim Christianity and yet not really be a born again believer or one is compartmentalizing their faith.

     Of course, this is an age old problem. Just simply look back in history. Adam and Eve followed the ways of the deceiver Satan in Genesis 3, the Israelites followed the ways of the Canaanites and the saints at Ephesus wanted to continue in their old lifestyle. Yet, all of them were corrected and warned of the path they were on when parting from God’s design of living. “God is the sole source of the entire created order”[3]. His Word should be the place where all of our principles for life are made. So,
we must think Christianly on more than a Sunday. We must think Christianly all
the time. How does this happen?

     The Psalmist of chapter 119 in the Bible understood the Word of the Lord brings guidance. Solomon understood the value of the wisdom of the Lord and Paul would reason from the Scriptures for days. God has given us the ability with the power of the Holy Spirit to discern matters by using our mind. So when a Christian is playing a song like “Pumped Up Kicks” we ought to ask good questions, for example what the song they are singing means? How does it value life in the eyes of God? How can it further
the gospel? We should engage the culture in such a way as to leave the
fragrance of Christ. The way to begin this process is to quit listening and
watching mindlessly and begin to think Christianly.

“See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deception, according to the tradition of men, according to elementary principle of the world, rather than according to Christ.” Colossians 2:8



[1] Nancy Pearcy, Total Truth (Wheaton,
Illinois: Crossway, 2005), 68.

[2] The Band – Foster The People, Pumped Up
Kicks
.

[3] Pearcy, Total Truth, 45.

Do you believe in science?

In mid August of this year an ABC television camera caught a mother coaching her child to ask a republican presidential hopeful (who is also a Christian) a series of questions beginning with a question about the age of the earth, and culminating with this one, “Ask him why he doesn’t believe in science.”

The question itself is actually a logical fallacy known as a complex question.  That is, the arguer assumes something that is not true.  In this case, the arguer assumes that the candidate (a Christian) does not believe in science.  There are really two questions that should be asked.  First, do you believe in science? If not, why?  Once the first question is answered, the second one becomes unnecessary because, of course, Christians do believe in the concept of science.

Why do evolutionists pose these types of questions to Christians?  Because most Christians are unable to answer them and many fail to recognize fallacious assertions or questions.  The arguer above could also be guilty of the fallacy of equivocation.  According to Dr. Jason Lile’s book, [i]Discerning Truth, when someone shifts from one meaning of a word to another, he or she has committed the fallacy of equivocation.

Since the arguer above began with a question regarding the age of the earth, we know his question relates directly to historical science and not observational science.  Observational science is science based on what we can observe, test, and repeat using the scientific method.  It’s the kind of science that allows us to build space shuttles, automobiles, and laptop computers like the one I’m using now.  Historical science, on the other hand, is a conclusion about the past based on what we observe today.  Since the arguer began with questions about historical science and concluded with a question that includes observational science, he has shifted the meaning of the word science and is guilty of the fallacy of equivocation. 

How we interpret scientific evidence is usually greatly influenced by our worldview.  Most evolutionists believe in uniformitarianism, that is, that processes we can observe have always been the same in the past as they are today.  For example, radiometric dating assumes decay rates for various isotopes have always been the same.  Even with these assumptions, radiometric dating methods often yield varied results.  So, even with uniformitarian assumptions, none of the results are conclusive.  You can find a short video from the Answers in Genesis web-site that gives an excellent explanation of historical and observational science below.

The Bible tells us in 1 Peter 3:15 that we should always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear.  Therefore, as Christians we need to do a couple of things.  First, we need to equip ourselves by reading books and articles by trusted teachers like the one referenced above.  Once equipped we will have the confidence to; secondly, break the spiral of silence by talking to our friends and neighbors about the truth without the fear of a negative social judgment as described in Chuck Colson’s recent Breakpoint blog, [ii]The Emperor’s New Clothes.

Finally, as Christians, we need to understand that the Bible is trustworthy and true.  We should never accept man’s fallible ideas over the truth of God’s Word, the Bible.

On the resources page you will find powerpoint presentations on equivocation and complex question fallacies.


[i] Dr. Jason Lisle, Discerning Truth, New Leaf Publishing Inc., Master Books, 2010, Kindle Edition, pp. 121
[ii] Breakpoint, November 2, 2011. http://www.breakpoint.org/bpcommentaries/entry/13/18134.